Abstract The graphene family materials are two-dimensional staggered monolayers with a gapped energy band structure due to intrinsic spin-orbit coupling. The mass gaps in these materials can be manipulated on-demand via biasing with a static electric field. an off-resonance circularly polarized laser. or an exchange interaction field. https://www.spidertattooz.com/Rumchata-Pumpkin-Spice-750ml-27-5-Proof/